Co-mimetic species (species that share a common aposematic colour pattern) are often distantly related, implying multiple independent evolution of the same colour pattern. Because of the positive frequency-dependent selection incurred on aposematic signals ( Greenwood and Cotton, 1989, Chouteau et al., 2016), aposematic species often engage in Müllerian mimetic interactions, whereby species exposed to the same suite of predators converge on the same colour pattern and form mimicry ‘rings’ ( Müller, 1879). Another type of anti-predator defence in Lepidoptera involving wing colour pattern is aposematism, where the presence of secondary defences is advertised by the means of bright and contrasted colour patterns. Wing colour patterns are involved in thermoregulation ( Dufour et al., 2018 Heidrich et al., 2018), sexual selection ( Kemp, 2007), and anti-predator defences, such as crypsis ( Cook et al., 2012 Endler, 1984 Webster et al., 2009), masquerade ( Skelhorn et al., 2010 Stoddard, 2012), disruptive coloration, and deflection of predator attacks ( Vallin et al., 2011). Scales can contain pigments or generate structural colours, thereby producing colour patterns across the entire wing. Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) are characterised by large wings typically covered by scales, as testified by the name of the order (after the ancient greek lepís - scale and pterón – wing). This study shows that transparency might not only enable camouflage but can also be part of aposematic signals.
We reveal that while transparency is primarily produced by microstructure modifications, nanostructures largely influence light transmission, potentially enabling additional fine-tuning in transmission properties. Underlying micro- and nanostructures are also sometimes convergent despite a large structural diversity. We show that transparency, as perceived by predators, is convergent among co-mimics in some mimicry rings. Here, we conducted a comparative study of wing optics, micro and nanostructures in neotropical mimetic clearwing Lepidoptera, using spectrophotometry and microscopy imaging. Surprisingly, some aposematic mimetic species have partially transparent wings, raising the questions of whether optical properties of transparent patches are also convergent, and of how transparency is achieved. In Lepidoptera, aposematic species typically harbour conspicuous opaque wing colour patterns with convergent optical properties among co-mimetic species. My workaround for a while now has just been to use a photoshop action that removes the alpha, which makes it bearable, but it can still be annoying sometimes.Īnyway, love the program, I use it every day in my work (making games for a small game studio).Müllerian mimicry is a positive interspecific interaction, whereby co-occurring defended prey species share a common aposematic signal. tif and opening it and you'll find an alpha channel with faces set to black, edges to white Hit tab to switch to shaded mode and bam, it's transparentĥ. Create texture with the dialog set to draw background and draw edgesĤ. I don't know if it's intentional, but if it is, would it be possible for an option to turn it off? I'm using Win7.ģ.
tif from wings, as it adds an alpha channel to it.
Basically, I end up with transparent textures whenever I export to. I thought I'd share a bug I've been having for a while now (Since May 2010, to the best of my memory). Like the new forum and I hope this means we'll be seeing something interesting soon?
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